ASA uses parenthetical citations in text, with a complete list of references included at the end of the paper.
General Format of In-Text Citation
(Lastname Year)
Example: (Foucault 1978)
If the author's name is in the text, follow it with the publication year in parenthesis:
... Giddens (1991) argues that ...
If including pagination in the citation, put it after the year of publication, following a colon:
... Orol (2010:1).
Give both last names for joint authors:
... (Danziger and Ratner 2010).
If there are three authors, cite all last names the first time and use et al. in subsequent citations:
... young people themselves (Shanahan, Porfeli, and Mortimer 2005).
Later: ... (Mortimer et al. 2005).
If there are more than three authors, use et al. for all citations:
... (Armstrong et al. 2014).
